• Definition:
  Software is a set of programs, instructions, and data that tell the computer what to do and how to perform specific tasks.
• Without software, hardware is just a machine with no functionality.

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Types of Software

Software can be broadly classified into two main categories:

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1. System Software

• Controls and manages the hardware of the computer.
• Provides a platform for application software to run.
• Works in the background, closer to the hardware.

Components of System Software

1. Operating System (OS):
   • Manages computer resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
   • Provides user interface.
   • Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS.
2. Utility Programs:
   • Help in maintenance and proper functioning of the system.
   • Examples: Antivirus, File Management tools, Disk Defragmenter, Backup software.
3. Device Drivers:
   • Special software that enables the OS to communicate with hardware devices.
   • Example: Printer driver, Graphic card driver.

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2. Application Software

• Designed to perform specific tasks for users.
• Runs on top of system software.

Types of Application Software

1. General-Purpose Software:
   • Can be used by anyone for common tasks.
   • Examples:
     • MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
     • Web Browsers (Chrome, Firefox)
     • Media Players (VLC, Windows Media Player)
2. Customized Software:
   • Developed for a specific organization or task.
   • Examples:
     • Hospital Management System
     • Railway Reservation System
     • Banking Software
3. Special-Purpose Software:
   • Focused on a specific field.
   • Examples: AutoCAD (for design), Tally (for accounting).

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3. Middleware Software (Bridge Software – Optional for advanced understanding)

• Connects two different applications or software systems.
• Example: Database middleware that connects an application with Oracle/MySQL database.

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Comparison Table: System vs Application Software

Feature	System Software	Application Software
Purpose	Manages hardware & system operations	Performs specific user tasks
Dependency	Independent; runs directly on hardware	Runs on top of system software
Examples	Windows, Linux, Drivers, Antivirus	MS Word, Photoshop, Tally, Gmail
Users	Indirect use (works in background)	Direct use (interacts with users)

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✅ Summary for Exams

• Software = System + Application
• System Software → OS, Utilities, Drivers (manage computer).
• Application Software → General-purpose, Customized, Special-purpose (solve user problems).